Grammar - Review 142

Simple Past

Use: actions or facts completed in the past. Finished time.

Forms:
1. VERB-ed or VERB-d
draft ► drafted
argue ► argued

2. Some verbs add or change endings:
map ► mapped
try ► tried

3. Some verbs are irregular:
drive ► drove
make ► made
sleep ► slept

4. We use did + SUBJECT + VERB for questions:
Did you book a hotel room yet?
Did Mr. Gupta approve the request?

Negative Form: didn't/did not + VERB
No. I didn't book a hotel yet.
She didn't make reservations for Saturday night.
He drove for three hours to work everyday for thirty years. (past action)
Although she stopped singing around the age of ten, she is a pop idol now because of her dancing. (She used to sing.)

Past Continuous

Use: actions that were happening at a certain time in the past when something else happened.

Form: past BE verb (was, were) + VERB-ing
She was baking a pie when I left this morning.
She was writing the letter while watching the game. (was happening at the same time)
They were driving to the game when the accident happened. (was happening before)

Negative Form: was/were not VERB-ing
I was not wearing pajamas when the police came. I was wearing comfortable clothes.

Past Perfect

Use: actions and facts true before another event in the past. Finished time.

Forms:
1. had VERB-ed or VERB-d
draft ► had drafted
argue ► had argued

2. Some verbs are irregular:
drive ► had driven
make ► had made
sleep ► had slept

He had driven 120 miles when he realized that he forgot his medication. (He had driven before he forgot.)
Negative Form: had not + VERB
They had not practiced together when they won first place. (They had not practiced before they won.)

Exercise 1 - Past Tenses
Use the simple past and past continuous forms of the verbs.
simple past: wrote
past continuous: was/were writing

Exercise 2 - Perfect and Past Tenses
Use the simple past, present perfect, and past perfect forms of the verbs.
simple past: wrote
present perfect: has/have written
past perfect: had written

Exercise 3 - Perfect and Continuous Forms
Use the past perfect and past perfect continuous/progressive forms of the verbs.
past perfect continuous: had been writing

     I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at 8:00. I (try) to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (finish) three cups of coffee, and I (wait) for over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) to meet Kathy in front of the theater.
     When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) up the tickets and she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait) for more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost) up and was about to enter the theater without us.
     Kathy told me you (be) late several times in the past and that she would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss) several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time!

CHECK

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Exercise 4 - Conjunctions
Use the correct conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

1. James has a cold, he needs to rest and drink plenty of fluids.
2. He should go to bed and drink water, fruit juices, decaffinated tea.
3. He needs to sleep well, he should avoid drinks with caffeine, such as coffee and soda.
4-5. My friend and I were tired, we went home early, we really wished we could have stayed until the end of the game.
6. The normal pulse rate for an adult is between 60 and 80 beats per minute, exercise, nervousness, excitement, and a fever will all make a pulse beat faster than normal.
7. Most famous explorers throughout history set out on their hazardous journeys in search of gold, silver, jewels, or other treasures, some explorers wanted only to discover information about their world.
8. The Indian Ocean has many fish and shellfish, it has less commercial fishing than the Atlantic or the Pacific.
9-10. The climate of the Indian Ocean is tropical, fish spoil quickly out of the water, it is difficult and expensive for commercial fishing boats to keep fish fresh.

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Exercise 5 - Transitions
Use one of the connectors to complete the sentences. Capitalize when needed.
on the other hand therefore consequently nevertheless however on the one hand

Exercise 6 - Adjective Clauses
Write the other sentence as an adjective clause. Insert commas when needed.

1. This is the house . ⇐ Justin designed it.
2. Mexico City has a population of at least twenty million. ⇐ It is the largest city in the Western Hemisphere.
3. Nancy Nakamoto is the new assistant to the president. ⇐ You met her at Juan's party.
4. The scholarship was awarded to the student . ⇐ That student got the most faculty recommendations.
5. The man has agreed to take better control of his animals. ⇐ His dogs have been barking all night.
6. The boy is standing over there. ⇐ We saw him on the train.
7. This is what's left of a rat . ⇐ The cat ate it.
8. Sao Paulo is also the largest city in South America. ⇐ It is the largest city in Brazil.
9. Peter Gleason is the new assistant to the dean. ⇐ We saw Peter at the picnic.
10. The scholarship will likely be given to the candidate . ⇐ The candidate gets the committee's recommendation.

CHECK

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